On September 11, 2001, the world watched in horror as planes crashed into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a Pennsylvania field, killing nearly 3,000 people. It was an attack not just on American soil, but on the very fabric of international peace and security. The magnitude of 9/11 called for a swift and forceful response, and the U.S. delivered—launching the War on Terror, invading Afghanistan, and eventually Iraq. However, questions about the legality of these actions arose. The legacy of Guantánamo Bay, extraordinary renditions, and indefinite detentions has left an indelible mark on the global fight against terrorism.

Two decades later, another horrific event has sparked the world’s attention: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. But this time, the international community is charting a different course. Rather than bypassing international law, Ukraine is actively working to establish a high war crimes court to prosecute the atrocities committed in its territory. This pursuit of accountability, while the conflict is still raging, marks a significant evolution in the global approach to justice. It proves that we are progressing in our search for international accountability, contrasting sharply with the path taken in the aftermath of 9/11.